Macadamia farmers in the Mpumalanga and Limpopo provinces need look no further than Vos Plant for all their orchard development requirements – from bush clearing to tree planting and everything in between.
By Colleen Dardagan
Top earth-moving machinery rental business owner Pieter Vos says he has built his company on know-how, meeting the individual needs of his customers and then going the extra mile.
When the exponential growth in South Africa’s macadamia industry picked up more than two decades ago, he geared his business to make sure it was equipped to meet the demand. “Orchard development is high cost, but precision contouring and proper drainage guarantees long term returns from the investment,” he said. “That is why it’s so important for farmers to use contractors like us who have the experience and the skill to make sure the job is done properly from the ground up.”
Vos reiterates that the company offers a “from start to finish” solution for mac farmers. “We can clear the land, prepare the orchards, lay the irrigation system and plant the trees. We are a one-stop-shop for mac farmers.”
Vos, who has run his earth-moving machinery rental operation in Mpumalanga and Limpopo for 30 years, says his reputation for trust and reliability – which are foundational values – is well established and not something he takes lightly.
“Since I started this business in 1999, I have focused on building a foundation based on solid values, like respecting my staff and my customers and making sure we always deliver on our promises. We keep our eye on those small details that make the difference between what is exceptional and what is not. For example, being on time, communicating often and building relationships based on trust.”
Since he was a young boy growing up on a farm in the Lowveld, Vos has loved yellow machines and the smell of turned earth. “You could say I have diesel in my veins,” he quips.
When he finished his studies, he returned to the farm to work alongside his family. “We had a bulldozer, and I loved doing the bush clearing and land preparation.”
What began as a discussion with his father and uncle to diversify their farming operations to include earth-moving services is today one of the most well-respected yellow machine rental businesses in the region. “My dad and uncle weren’t keen on my idea, so I chose to strike out on my own. I really love these machines and what they can do, like dam building, or creating fields for farmers to work in,” Vos says.
The first yellow machine he acquired was a D85 Komatsu. “I have worked very hard making sure that every machine I own – which is 12 now – is fully paid for and in tip top condition.”
Vos has 12 operators working for him and five administrative staff, and said from a staffing perspective, the quality of his people and how he cares for them is key. “Some of my staff have come to the company from other businesses, but most of my operators were farm workers previously. They have received and continue to receive training to make sure they are more than well-equipped for the work they do. We set very high standards for ourselves.”
Vos Plant offers a wide range of turnkey solutions, from agricultural land preparation, commercial construction site preparation and non-commercial road construction, to HDPE lined dam construction, irrigation installation, and more. “Central to our business is being able to offer customers a range of earth-moving machines for rental and making sure that the right equipment is available for each specific project. Our fleet includes everything from excavators and bulldozers to graders and compactors, all maintained at the highest standards for optimal performance.”
How South Africa’s macadamia industry’s tackles the next chapter in its history will define the longevity of its influence on world markets and production standards, writes Alex Whyte, Executive Chairman of Green Farms Nut Company.
By Alex Whyte
As the world’s leading producer of macadamia nuts, South Africa’s industry must double down on its differentiators if it is to stay ahead of the game.
The next chapter might be defined not by how much the country produces, but by how effectively it positions and grows what it produces. It will require individuals to choose consistent quality as its unique selling proposition, linked to aligned market development and investment.
The industry has come through a difficult time, with even more challenges expected ahead. Margins have been squeezed and for some producers, the pressure was just too much. This is a reality – and pain – that the industry must not overlook.
But there is a longer-term shift directly linked to the natural maturation of the domestic industry after at least a decade of boom-time growth. What we are seeing is the natural maturation of an industry where today – unlike in the pre-Covid years – macadamia farmers have to focus far more than previously on efficiency, technology and cost management.
Those who are optimising their inputs, improving yields and aligning their production to market requirements are building more resilient and sustainable farming operations.
This is reflected in the current planting trends as new development has resumed in KwaZulu-Natal, but unlike the years between 2014 and 2018 when the decline of the sugarcane producing industry saw unfettered orchard growth, now the development is at a much more measured pace. The industry is no longer expanding on optimism alone, but rather, it is adapting to a more disciplined approach, meaning by 2030 we should see strong volume growth as existing orchards mature.
This, of course, then raises the question: how do we make sure that a bigger crop doesn’t equal low prices?
When South Africa’s pistachio industry was faced with a similar scenario, the industry responded by investing heavily, and collectively, in marketing. Their leadership built a global consumer brand, repositioned the nut beyond just a snack option into a versatile ingredient which in turn, gave rise to sustained demand. Not only did the added category absorb the added supply, but it did so while maintaining strong prices. It is a critical shift that our macadamia industry has yet to make.
Historically, South Africa’s industry has successfully sold its crop into existing demand, particularly during periods of short supply. Building demand, however, is a very different discipline. It requires investment, co-ordinated effort and a willingness to think beyond immediate returns.
But there are encouraging signs. The industry is gaining ground in new product development, with major players, such as global food brand and chocolatier Ferrero Rocher, using macadamia nuts in its worldwide product lines. In many ways our increased supply is starting to create its own demand, supported by more accessible pricing and improved competitiveness against other premium nuts.
But this is a trend that needs sustained scale while providing opportunities to explore gateways to new destinations. For example, the Indian market stands out as a significant opportunity, but South Africa is hobbled by a 35% import duty that severely and purposefully limits the access of our agricultural products to what could be a market with substantial long-term potential.
Australian products, on the other hand, enjoy a zero-duty entry into the sub-continent’s ports. This means that without some progress on trade negotiations – particularly as South Africa and India are members of the influential inter government BRICS organisation that aims to foster trade and governance co-operation with other emerging economies – our industry risks being sidelined by its main competitor industry.
While our sector is not short on momentum it is operating in a very complex environment. Global supply has increased, with an added 50 000 tons nut-in-shell becoming available – roughly an increase of about 15%. Most of that growth can be attributed to bigger harvests in China and Kenya, thereby reshaping both the supply base and competitive landscape even though South Africa still holds its position as the top world producer.
On the demand side, consumers are putting out mixed signals. Recent on-the-ground studies have confirmed what desk-top data suggests: despite broader economic pressure, including a weak property sector and constrained consumer spending, macadamia sales are resilient. The nut continues to perform despite consumers tightening their belts.
China’s domestic production has expanded significantly, which means their buyers have become more selective and discriminative on nut imports. They target specific gaps, for example, larger nut sizes and higher kernel recovery material that local suppliers are unable to consistently supply.
After President Donald Trump’s Liberation Day tariff announcement last year, exports to the lucrative markets in the United States were significantly disrupted, particularly in certain kernel segments. While the 30% tariff has left a stock overhang in the system, consumption is recovering but not all segments have rebounded equally. Whole kernels held their ground while halves struggled to keep their value.
While average dollar prices are only slightly down, the impact at the farm gate in South Africa has been acute as a stronger rand against the US currency has translated into a 10%-20% cut in rand returns compared with previous years.
South Africa’s macadamia farmers may have little to no sway over decision-making in what is now a severely disrupted world where the usual rules no longer apply, but they do have control over how they translate the growth and development of the domestic industry into real and sustained value through investment in effective and targeted marketing strategies.
These strategies will allow for an agile industry ready and prepared to respond to the vagaries of the world markets.
It is in this way that the domestic sector will hold its position as the world’s top producer, both in quantity and quality.
New research out of the University of KwaZulu-Natal suggests that the invasive Bugweed has compounds able to provide sustainable and affordable therapies, which includes treatment for cancer and for use in antibiotics.
By Colleen Dardagan
As most farmers are ardent conservationists, they are well aware of the impact of invasive plant species on the country’s biodiversity, water security and pristine natural habitats.
Species such as Lantana (Lantana camara), Syringa (Melia azedarach) or Tradescantia fluminensis (Wandering Jew) are just some that make up 559 invaders in four categories ranging from category 1a, which are species that must be eradicated and any form of trade or planting is strictly prohibited, to category 3, which are species that may remain in prescribed areas or provinces although any further planting, propagation or trade is prohibited.
Probably the most common of these is (Solanum mauritianum) Bugweed (category 1b).
No one seems to know how this highly invasive plant indigenous to the South Americas found its way to South Africa.
Some suggest it was first introduced to the country 145 years ago, that it was first seen in KwaZulu-Natal in the early 1860s, and that it may have been brought in accidentally as a contaminant in soil by 16th Century Portuguese traders, or perhaps, as a horticultural curiosity.
Urban legend has it that the plant was brought into KwaZulu-Natal in the 1960s as horse feed, but the plant is toxic to most animals and humans, so that seems unlikely.
Highly invasive
However, what we do know is that the plant has become seriously invasive in seven of the country’s nine provinces, particularly in high rainfall areas. With at least 50 seeds in each of its yellow berries produced all year round, it is easily dispersed by the Purple-crested Turaco and the Rameron Pigeon, who eat it mainly in winter when their usual food is scarce. Antelope such as the duiker also feed on the ripe fruit as do monkeys, who then spread the seeds far and wide.
The plant is pollinated by bees, among others, and is also self-pollinating, which means isolated plants can easily reproduce and multiply to form dense populations.
In a 2024 study, Professor Terrence Olckers from the School of Biological and Conservation Sciences at the University of KwaZulu-Natal wrote that the country’s weed legislation lists Bugweed as a “transformer” species, meaning that extensive stands are able to “dominate and replace any canopy or sub-canopy layer of a natural or semi-natural ecosystem, thereby altering its structure, integrity and functioning”.
Olckers describes the success of biological control in combating the spread of the plant as “plagued by slow progress”.
In a 2022 BusinessTech article, Brian van Wilgen from the Centre for Invasion Biology at Stellenbosch University, Andrew Wannenburgh from the Department of Forestry, Fisheries and the Environment, and John Wilson, from the South African National Biodiversity Institute, estimate that South Africa spent R7 billion between 1998 and 2020 “trying to curb the spread of invasive plants”. The researchers say the country needs at least seven times that amount if it is to make noticeable impact on the spread of invasive plants.
Medicinal value
Dr Myuri Parusnath, who recently earned a PhD in Biology from the University of KwaZulu-Natal for research titled Secretory, phytochemical and biological activities of Solanum mauritianum Scop. (Solanaceae), has discovered for the first time that the complex chemical defence systems in the Bugweed have medicinal value.
“I investigated the microscopic structures of the plant, analysed its chemical composition, and evaluated several biological activities, including antioxidant, antibacterial and cytotoxic properties. The main aim was to explore whether the plant could serve as a potential source of natural bioactive compounds,” Parusnath said.
She added that the research was particularly relevant in the context of the growing resistance to antibiotics and a need for alternative healing options. “In many parts of the world, medicinal plants remain an important component of healthcare, and scientific studies such as this help validate and expand our understanding of their potential applications.”
The increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistance among pathogenic microorganisms further underscores the urgent need to identify new therapeutic agents from natural sources with potent antioxidant, cytotoxic and antimicrobial potential, she noted.
Parusnath studied the architecture of the Bugweed’s cells in minute detail using electron microscopy to focus on its chemical elements. What she found supports the ethnomedicinal or traditional and culturally rooted beliefs about the healing properties of the plant by demonstrating antioxidant, cytotoxic and antibacterial activities associated with its phytochemical composition or active plant compounds.
More simply, the invasive weed boasts compounds which could be used to fight cancer, prevent disease and fight the growth of bacteria, or to develop sustainably produced antibiotics, among other therapeutic treatments.
Herbal preparations
The use of medicinal plants on the continent dates back more than 4 000 years and historically served as the primary form of healthcare. Today, an estimated 80% of the African population, including about 27 million South Africans, continue to depend on herbal preparations for their primary health needs, Parusnath said.
Sebua Semenya and Alfred Maroyi from the University of Limpopo show in their 2020 study, titled Medicinal uses of alien plants cultivated and managed in home gardens of Limpopo Province, that Bugweed roots are already used by some traditional healers to treat toothache, gonorrhoea and sexually transmitted infections.
Parusnath provides an extensive list of treatments, which include how the leaf extracts are traditionally administered to treat manioc (cassava) poisoning, while decoctions or boiled extracts are applied externally to relieve haemorrhoids. Seed preparations mixed with coconut oil are used to alleviate rheumatic pain, and both the leaves and fruit are reported to possess analgesic antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties.
“In West Africa, it was used in the treatment of yaws, ulcers and infected wounds. In Kenya, there were reports of its use in the traditional management of colorectal cancer and related gastrointestinal conditions, while in South Africa, it is also used to treat diarrhoea, dysentery, infertility and menorrhagia,” she said.
In its natural South American home, Parusnath says, communities eat the plant as a famine food while also using it to treat various ailments.
Solanum as a member of the Solanaceae family is remarkably adaptable, thriving equally in arid deserts and humid rain forests: in fact members of the family occur on all continents except for Antarctica. They grow in forest margins, grasslands, disturbed areas and cultivated lands, reflecting their ecological adaptability and environmental tolerance.
Known as nightshades, some species within the Solanaceae family are valued for their culinary, agriculture, ornamental and medicinal imports – for example, crop species include potatoes, tomatoes and eggplant, while ornamentals include the humble Petunia and Brugmansia.
Unpalatable foliage
The spread of the Bugweed, on the other hand poses “significant ecological and economic challenges”. Its dense canopy suppresses native plants and prevents natural forest regeneration, leading to reduced biodiversity. The unpalatable foliage is reportedly toxic to livestock, while the fine stellate hairs reportedly cause skin and respiratory irritation in people. The fruits act as a host for fruit fly pests such as the Natal fruit fly (Ceratitis rosa,) thereby contributing to the spread of the pest.
But it’s the dense, soft down on the leaves and stems of the plant that are presumed to contribute to the synthesis and secretion of medicinally relevant phytocompounds or natural chemical compounds. Interestingly, plants are believed to produce these compounds to protect themselves from environmental stresses, predation or infection – or, more simply, they are the plant’s immune system.
Parusnath’s research is novel and comprehensively examines the biological activity across the Bugweed’s leaves, stems and fruit. It is the first comprehensive structural, chemical and biological characterisation of the plant, and clarifies its potential applications in pharmacology and nanotechnology-based research. She also suggests that as an invasive species, future research should evaluate the phytochemical yield, chemical consistency and association bioactivity in harvested invasive material to determine whether these populations might provide a reliable biochemical resource.
What the study achieves is to reposition a plant species regarded as an ecological invader to a prospective source of bioactive compounds, suitable for future pharmacological and biotechnological development.
The proliferation of the coconut bug (Pseudotheraptus wayi) in orchards, particularly those in low riverine areas and close to natural bush, is concerning as the pest is able to complete its entire life cycle on the macadamia, writes Dr Schalk Schoeman from Sonbesie Consulting.
By The Macadamia
The coconut bug is a serious sucking pest that attacks a wide range of fruit and nut crops. While it is best known for damaging coconuts, it has become a major concern for macadamia growers in parts of southern and eastern Africa. It can also feed on avocado, mango, guava, litchi, pecan, and several other plants.
What does it look like?
Adults: Reddish-brown in colour, about 15mm long. They have very long antennae – roughly equal to or slightly longer than their body length. Their mouthparts (rostrum) are medium long, measuring around 6.2mm.
Nymphs (immature stages): Smaller than adults and range from creamy white to brownish. Like the adults, they have noticeably long antennae.
The bug belongs to the family Coreidae (leaf-footed bugs). Both adults and nymphs use their needle-like mouthparts to pierce plant tissues and suck sap.
Host plants
The coconut bug feeds on many crops, including:
Coconut palm (Cocos nucifera) – its primary host
Macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia and M. tetraphylla)
Mango, guava, avocado, litchi, pecan, loquat, cacao, cinnamon, and some wild plants, such as ebony diospyros and weeping bushwillow
It can complete its full life cycle on macadamia nuts, which makes it especially problematic in macadamia orchards.
When is it most active?
The bug is present throughout the year, but populations usually peak during autumn (March/April in the southern hemisphere). Numbers tend to build up when the developing fruit are plentiful.
Low-lying orchards near riverine vegetation or natural bush are often more heavily infested, providing alternative hosts and shelter.
How does it cause damage?
Both nymphs and adults feed by sucking sap from young stems, flowers (inflorescences) and developing fruit and nuts.
They inject toxic saliva during feeding, which causes:
Wilting and necrosis (death of tissue)
Flower and young fruit drop
Sunken, necrotic lesions or scars on fruit
Cracking or deformation of nuts
On macadamias, feeding often leads to premature nut drop. Nuts that survive may have damaged kernels or reduced quality. In severe cases on coconuts, it can cause high rates of nut abortion.
Economic losses can be significant, particularly in macadamia orchards where the pest is not uniformly distributed – some blocks may be badly affected while neighbouring ones remain relatively clean.
Monitoring and early detection
Good scouting is essential because the bugs are often not evenly spread across an orchard.
Practical monitoring tips:
Walk orchards regularly, especially from flowering through early nut/fruit development and again in autumn.
Look for premature drop of flowers or young fruit/nuts.
Check dropped nuts or fruit for feeding scars, gum, or lesions on the inside of the husk.
Shake branches early in the morning to dislodge bugs (they may drop to the ground).
Inspect trunks and lower branches for eggs (laid singly) during peak periods.
Pay extra attention to low-lying areas near bush or riverine vegetation.
Early detection allows you to act before populations increase.
Integrated management strategies
No single method will completely eliminate the coconut bug. The best approach combines several tactics:
Cultural practices
Remove or manage alternative host plants around the edges where possible.
Consider the location when planting new orchards – elevated or well-drained sites away from riverine bush may have lower risk.
Biological control
Encourage natural enemies. Predatory ants (such as weaver ants Oecophylla longinoda in suitable areas) can significantly reduce bug numbers by hunting nymphs and adults.
Egg parasitoids (tiny wasps) also attack the eggs and can help suppress populations naturally.
Avoid, whenever possible, broad-spectrum sprays that kill these beneficial insects.
Chemical control
Use insecticides only when monitoring shows economic damage levels.
Synthetic pyrethroids are commonly registered and effective against coreid bugs on macadamia and similar crops in many regions. Always follow label rates, observe withholding periods, and rotate chemical groups to prevent resistance.
Spray timing is critical – target young nymphs and adults when populations are building, usually around flowering/early fruit set and in autumn.
Spot-spray heavily infested areas rather than blanket-spraying the whole orchard, to protect beneficial insects.
Area-wide and orchard hygiene
Work with neighbouring farmers if possible, as the bug can move between orchards and alternative hosts.
Remove and destroy heavily infested dropped nuts as they are easy to spot and will influence total kernel recovery percentages.
Key points for macadamia growers
The coconut bug is regarded as a major pest in some macadamia regions, though not every orchard is equally affected. Orchards close to natural vegetation often suffer more. Regular monitoring combined with timely, targeted sprays and conservation of natural enemies offers the most sustainable long-term control.
Usually, coconut bug numbers are considered in relation to the presence of other bugs in an orchard before control decisions are made. Very infrequently they are exclusively responsible for all recorded bug damage.
By staying vigilant during the high-risk autumn period and integrating cultural, biological, and chemical methods, farmers can minimise losses and protect the quality of their crop.
If there is suspicion of a heavy infestation or a specific product recommendation is required, farmers are encouraged to consult their local agricultural extension officer or crop protection specialist for assistance.
The last two decades – evolution of macadamia orchard management in South Africa.
By Philip Lee
Many of the changes in horticultural management practices over the last two decades, and indeed the two decades before 2005, were precipitated by fluctuating world market prices for macadamia nuts, as well as the increasingly demanding quality requirements dictated by the markets.
During my career in macadamias the industry has seen four highs and four lows. From $13 in 1988 to $5,5 in 1991 to $9,9 in 1995 to $6,4 in 2000 to $11,4 in 2005 to $6,6 in 2007 and then the unprecedented rise to $18,4 in 2019 back to $8 in 2023, all prices for macadamia kernel imported into the USA expressed as $/kg kernel.
Growers respond to the negative impact on profitability during times of low prices by doing whatever they can to reduce production costs, including reducing fertiliser and agricultural chemical usage and postponing planned capital expenditure (new/replacement tractors, other agricultural machinery and dehusking/drying facility upgrades/expansion), and the industry sees a significant reduction in new orchard establishment and new tree orders at nurseries.
While the Chinese market provided a convenient outlet for our crop as Nut-In-Shell (NIS) exports, growing from around only 500 tons in 2005 to some 40 000 tons in 2025 and comprising mainly nuts of the Beaumont (HAES 695) cultivar, Chinese buyers have become increasingly quality conscious in the last few years, preferring cultivars with higher sound and whole kernel recoveries, resulting in a considerable reduction in demand for Beaumont NIS in this market. The relatively high proportion of half kernels produced by Beaumont make it less desirable for cracking for the kernel market as well, causing a dramatic reduction in demand for Beaumont trees from nurseries, which have had to pivot to cultivars like 816 and A4 with better quality characteristics since 2020.
Two decades of fast growth but no commensurate yield improvement
The most obvious change in the last 20 years has been the increase in trees planted, with total tree population increasing from 3,8 million in 2005 to 21 million by 2025. Perhaps this rate of growth was too fast to enable all growers to ensure best management practices were implemented on farm, as production of 16 000 tons DIS in 2005 from about 2 million producing trees (6 years old plus in 2005) resulted in average yield of 2,5 tons DIS/ha (assume 312 trees per hectare), declining to 2,1 tons DIS/ha in 2025 from 12 million producing trees with total production of 82 000 tons DIS. On the positive side, improvement in Sound Kernel Recovery (SKR%) from 26% in 2005 to 33% in 2025 was probably a result of a combination of better pest management, increased planting of higher kernel recovery cultivars and an increasing proportion of the crop coming from KZN (where total kernel recoveries are five percentage points higher than in other areas across all cultivars).
The disappointing stagnation/decline in average yields has happened despite increasing expenditure by SAMAC on scientific research, many improvements in cultural practices on farms and wide scale adoption of new technology. Irrigation is one that stands out, with computerised low flow drip systems allowing precision irrigation and fertigation installed in many orchards since 2005. Yet even these sophisticated systems are not all producing the sustainable higher yields anticipated, in some cases resulting in over fertilising creating faster vegetative growth and inefficient tree canopies.
Very pleasing to note is that many leading growers have become more dedicated to preserving the environment.
Especially since Covid and the price decline which triggered cost saving measures, there has been less use of chemical herbicides. Some growers are allowing the grasses and other natural vegetation to grow between the macadamia tree rows and allowing a cover of mulch to remain within the tree rows. This improves biodiversity in the orchards and contributes to soil conservation by reducing runoff during heavy rains. Some growers also plant a mix of grass and legume cover crops between the rows to provide a haven for beneficial insects. Combined with intensive scouting for the main macadamia pests, the use of more biological remedies for pest management and reducing reliance on broad spectrum pesticides, these growers are really making environmental preservation top priority on their farms. It is indeed most fortunate that the present range of biological pest management products has become available to growers in the last decade, as very few of these products were available back in 2005.
More use of systemic pesticides as drenches (neonicotinoid) products has also reduced the need to spray highly toxic broad-spectrum pesticides all over the place, helping the natural predator populations in our orchards to proliferate and do at least some of the pest control on our behalf.
The other big change has been the increase in the number of older trees in the orchards, from about 800 000 trees aged 10 plus in 2005 to some 7 million by 2025. Many of these trees are overgrown with very dense canopies resulting in declining yields per hectare wherever appropriate pruning/canopy management has not been regularly implemented. These big old trees also provide conditions conducive for fungal and pest development, making pest and disease control increasingly more challenging. This is one of the biggest challenges for our macadamia industry going forward and perhaps we have a lot to learn from the deciduous fruit industry in working towards more precise canopy management strategies with smaller, more productive trees at higher plant densities to improve yield and pest/disease management efficiency.
By Colleen Dardagan
On Easter Sunday, macadamia nuts were the star of the show for the 20 chefs battling it out for the R1 million award on SA Masterchef 2026.
In the episode, contestants were tasked with creating delicious plant-based meals suitable for a modern vegetarian café. Each team had to include macadamia nuts and macadamia oil in a minimum of three dishes aimed at highlighting the nut’s nutritious profile, buttery flavour and crunch.
Profiling the nut as a central ingredient on the show is part of a marketing drive by the industry to educate the public on how to use the oil and kernel beyond just a snack.
Lizel Pretorius, CEO of the South African macadamia representative body SAMAC, said the benefits of the airing included reaching a food-led, aspirational audience more likely to trial premium ingredients in their cooking.
“This integration was deeper than profiling macadamias in a generic advertisement. Macadamias were named and used repeatedly across multiple dishes, demonstrating their versatility.”
She said she believed the exposure would stimulate domestic demand as well as the broader value chain from growers to processors.
Dishes which included macadamia nuts on the show included:
Roasted aubergine on a macadamia yoghurt labneh and harissa butter
Millet tabbouleh with pomegranate molasses, apple, fennel and macadamia crusted goat’s cheese
Braised leeks with amaranth and macadamia crumb, tempura aubergine and macadamia oil confit tomato
Smashed cucumber salad with macadamia oil yoghurt, sumac red onions and macadamia nuts
Roasted pumpkin in macadamia oil topped with roasted macadamia nuts and cinnamon
Sorghum flatbread in macadamia oil
Grilled peaches with whipped sour cream, cream cheese, peach glaze, macadamia nuts and mulberries
Roasted carrots with macadamia and curry leaf dukkah
Stone fruit and macadamia nut crumble with Chantilly cream.
